What Is a Message in Communication

In rhetorical  and communication studies, a message is defined as information conveyed by words (in speech or writing), and/or other signs and symbols. A message (verbal or nonverbal, or both) is the content of the communication process. The originator of the message in the communication process is the sender. The sender conveys the message to a receiver.   Verbal and Nonverbal Content A message may include verbal content, such as written or spoken words, sign language, email, text messages, phone calls, snail-mail, and even sky-writing, John O. Burtis and Paul D. Turman note in their book Leadership Communication as Citizenship, adding: Intentionally or not, both verbal and nonverbal content is part of the information that is transferred in a message. If nonverbal cues do not align with the verbal message, ambiguity is introduced even as uncertainty is increased. A message will also include nonverbal content, such as meaningful behavior beyond words. This includes body movement and gestures, eye contact, artifacts, and clothing, as well as vocal variety, touch, and timing Encoding and Decoding Messages Communication  refers to the process of sending and receiving messages, which can also be referred to as encoding and decoding messages. However, say Courtland L. Bovà ©e, John V. Thill, and Barbara E. Schatzman, in Business Communication Essentials, communication is effective only when the message is understood and when it stimulates action or encourages the receiver to think in new ways. Indeed, some people — such as those who are highly media literate, for example — may be able to see much more in a given message than others, says W. James Potter in Media Literacy, adding: They are more aware of the levels of meaning. This enhances understanding. They are more in charge of programming their own mental codes. This enhances control. They are much more likely to get what they want from the messages. This enhances appreciation. In essence, some people may be able to gain far more insight as they decode messages than others, depending on their level of literacy in the medium in which the message is being encoded. Those people will gain a higher understanding, control, and appreciation of a given message. The Message in Rhetoric Rhetoric is the study and practice of effective  communication. A rhetorical act, note Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Susan Schultz Huxman, in their book, The Rhetorical Act: Thinking, Speaking and Writing Critically, is an intentional, created, polished attempt to overcome the challenges in a given situation with a specific audience on a given issue to achieve a particular end.​ In other words, a rhetorical act is an effort the speaker makes to persuade others of her point of view. In performing  a rhetorical act, a speaker or author creates a message whose shape and form are melded in an effort to persuade an audience. The notion of rhetoric dates back centuries, to the ancient Greeks. Both Cicero and Quintilian accepted the Aristotelian notion that a rhetorical message [inventio] consists of the effective use of logical, ethical, and pathetic proof, says J.L. Golden, et al., in The Rhetoric of Western Thought. Golden adds that the rhetor who has command of these three persuasive strategies is in a good position to motivate an audience, according to these Greek thinkers. Messages in the Media Successful politicians and others have been able to put forward messages to persuade a vast audience as to their point of view. Peter Obstler, in his essay Working With the Media published in Fighting Toxics: A Manual for Protecting Your Family, Community, and Workplace, says: A well-defined message has two key components. First, it is simple, direct, and concise. Second, it defines the issues on your own terms and in your own words. Obstler gives the example of the well-defined message in the slogan used by Ronald Reagans presidential campaign in 1980: Are you better off today than you were four years ago? The message was simple and obvious, but it also allowed the Reagan campaign to control the rhetoric of the 1980 presidential election debate at every turn, regardless of the nature or complexity of the situation in which it was used. Bolstered by the persuasive message, Reagan went on to win the presidency by defeating his Democratic rival, incumbent President Jimmy Carter, in a general election landslide. Sources Barry National Toxics Campaign. Fighting Toxics: A Manual for Protecting your Family, Community, and Workplace. Gary Cohen (Editor), John OConnor (Editor), Barry Commoner (Foreword), Kindle Edition, Island Press, April 16, 2013. Bovà ©e, Courtland L. Business Communication Essentials. John V. Thill, Barbara E. Schatzman, Paperback, Prentice, 2003. Burtis, John O. Leadership Communication as Citizenship. Paul D. Turman, Paperback, SAGE Publications, Inc, November 6, 2009. Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs. The Rhetorical Act: Thinking, Speaking, and Writing Critically. Suszn Schultz Huxman, Thomas A. Burkholder, 5th Edition, Cengage Learning, January 1, 2014. Golden, James L. The Rhetoric of Western Thought.  Goodwin F. Berquist, William E. Coleman, J. Michael Sproule, 8th Edition, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, August 1, 2003.

Paul The Apostle Of The Church - 1766 Words

Paul the apostle is known for his letters in the Bible to the church in Philippi. Paul devotes his faith in Jesus Christ, our Lord and Savior, to promote Christianity to the people of the Philippians. He is seen throughout the New Testament furthering God’s Word and projecting it in such a way to get fellow Jewish people to convert to Christianity. In the midst of this activity, Paul was travelling in between cities when a mob broke out against him. Israelites were furious with him spreading the Word of Jesus Christ throughout their land. The Israelites began to beat him repeatedly until the word reached the commander of the Roman soldiers. The roman soldiers immediately came to Paul and put him under arrest for a total of seven days before freeing him. Paul was charged with speaking out against the law of the land, promoting Jesus Christ among the Jewish people and disturbing the peace among the city. During his stay in Roman Prison, Paul wrote the letters to the church in Philippi. He stated his concerns with the law of the land and the way religion was reflected in society. These letters are the earliest surviving documents the world has because they predict the earliest Gospel. This Gospel is marl. Paul’s letters combine with other books to form the Bible. Of the twenty-seven books in the New Testament, fourteen of the, include the missionary and journey of Paul through the biblical world. He promoted Jesus through all of his actions and making sure to glorify God theShow MoreRelatedThe Apostle Paul The Foundation For Salvation, Faith, The Church, And Christian Growth1494 Words   |  6 Pages The Apostle Paul explained the foundation for salvation, faith, the church, and Christian growth. Paul established some basic principles of the faith and left instructions and directions for believers to follow that aid in pastoral leadership and one’s personal, daily walk with Christ. These teachings continue to impact the lives of believers and unbelievers. After his salvation, Paul departed from those things that did not glorify God. For example, he ceased persecuting Christians and becameRead MoreThe New Testament Is Not An Easy Thing1496 Words   |  6 Pagesof twenty-one Epistles. It is said that the Apostle Paul wrote thirteen of these but there are some people who think that his disciples wrote the letters to Hebrews which could be contributed to the Apostle as his fourteenth. â€Å"Though 13 of the 14 letters identify Paul as their author, Most scholars believe some were written by his disciples. In the 14th letter to the Hebrews, no author is mentioned but a reference to Timothy suggest a connection to Paul† . There isn’t much speculation as to who wroteRead MorePauls View On The Church1480 Words   |  6 PagesPAUL S THEOLOGY ON THE CHURCH __________________ A Paper Presented to Dr. Presley Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for NTS 3213 __________________ by Jin Hyun July 27, 2015 PAULS VIEW ON THE CHURCH Apostle Paul is one of the most beloved follower and author of 14 books in the New Testament. One of the most prominent teachings of Paul is regarding on the subject of the church. Not only did he write letters to churchRead MoreBiblical Character Analysis: Apostle Paul1299 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter Analysis: For several years now, various studies have been conducted to examine the leadership of Apostle Paul who wrote about two-thirds of the New Testament and was integral in the founding of the early church. As a leader, Apostle Paul experienced several issues when dealing with different people and handled the issues differently to achieve the results that he wanted. The apostle is renowned as an outstanding leader in both the Christian and secular worlds to an extent that he is consideredRead MoreA Letter Written By The Apostle Paul994 Words   |  4 Pageswritten by the Apostle Paul during his imprisonment in Rome. This is the same Paul who had previously persecuted the church, under the name Saul. Paul is not writing to a particular church body, rather his intended audience was various churches in the surrounding vicinity of Ephesus. His purpose was to encourage the faithful on â€Å"The spiritual privileges of the Church,† and â€Å"The spiritual responsibilities of the Chur ch.† Paul was addressing three issues facing these growing church communities. 1)Read MoreThe Lord Of God Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesAn â€Å"apostle† in Greek means â€Å"a sent one.† Strong defines it as â€Å"a delegate, a messenger, one sent forth with orders.† Sent by whom? And what orders? In the New Testament context, the One who sends is the LORD Jesus Christ, and the order of the LORD is to â€Å"[equip] the saints, for the work of ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ, till we all come to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of GOD† (Eph 4:12-13). This work of the LORD had been planned and appointed beforeRead MoreEssay on The Pauline Epistles I1141 Words   |  5 Pages55-56 AD is generally accepted for this letter. Timothy had not met with much success and Paul wrote this letter to further his position in the first letter and to address concerns that arose out of his previous epistles. The second Letter to the Church at Corinth is the supplement of the first. It is due to the same circumstances which called out the first, and to the effects that were produced in the church at Corinth by the receipt of the first letter. (Johnson) Biblical times were not the ageRead MoreLeadership Styles : Jesus As A Servant Leader914 Words   |  4 Pagesthem you may participate in the divine nature, having escaped the corruption in the world caused by evil desires.† The twelve apostles at the Pentecost were Peter, Andrew, James and John, Matthew, Philip, Thomas, Nathaniel Bartholomew, James son of Alpheus, Jude Thaddeus, Simon the Zealot and Matthias. The community of disciples of Jesus was the beginning of the Church. According to Robertson (2005), â€Å"As in the other gospels, the Twelve play a prominent role in Luke-Acts (p.273)†. The Servant LeaderRead MoreBackground . The Book Of Acts Or The Acts Of The Apostles1523 Words   |  7 PagesBackground The Book of Acts or the Acts of the Apostles is also referred to as the Book of the Holy Spirit or just the Acts of the Holy Spirit because of the numerous cases it portrays the work of the Holy Spirits. Acts present the work of the Holy Spirit as the life line of the Church. It is important to remember that, in the previous gospel books, Jesus had lived, Jesus had died, and he had risen and ascended to heaven. At the time of his ascension, Jesus promised to send the helper; the HolyRead More3.What Contribution Did Mrs 540 The Church To 120 C.E.701 Words   |  3 Pagesdid MRS 540 the Church to 120 C.E. make to your understanding of the church? For me, the course, MRS 540 The Church to 120 C.E had helped me understand the early parts of the ministry that Christ set here on here on Earth to spread the message of Hope, Love, and Compassion that can found within his Gospel Message. As a student of History, this course had For me pointed the many legends as I have learned within this course concerning the ministries and deaths of Christ s apostles abound, but there

Developing A Better Diagnosis And Treatment For The...

In the past, social workers and other helping professional have only focused on the client with the problem, assuming the professional has the knowledge to treat the issue. Social worker now know that it is essential to analyze human behavior in social environments to develop a better diagnosis and treatment for the problem. A helpful practice in social work and other related fields is the system theory and ecological perspective. One of the first steps in assisting clients is identifying the presenting problems. There are several alarming components in Charlie situation. Charlie has been living with his maternal aunt Eleanor for the past three months due to the fact that his biological mother Eloise suffers from depressive episodes. His mother has a history of having this illness since her early twenties. Her depressive episodes seem to be triggered by the recent birth of Eloise’s daughter Pearl. Josefsson, Larsson, Sydsjà ¶, and Nylander (2007) noted that, postpartum depression is common during the first 6-12 weeks after parturition and it usually disappears after a couple of months, but may continue for one year after childbearing if untreated. Eloise could be suffering from postpartum depression since there seems to be a connection between the time of her child’s birth and her condition. Another concerning factor is the effects of Charlie displacement. Charlie has been accustomed to living with both of his parents and now he forced to live with his aunt. Johnson, Yoken,Show MoreRelatedNursing Approaches For Dual Diagnosis Patients905 Words   |  4 Pagesmade regarding vocational approaches for dual diagnosis patients such as supported employment, most individuals are incapable of putting in hours with significant endeavours. Study by Lysaker et al (2009) showed that CBT permitted patients to engage in employment. It was evident from the study that patient receiving CBT treatments were able to hold onto jobs thus promoting their social inclusion. To this end, Sue et al (2009) supports CBT as a treatment intervention that could be extensively employedRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )791 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that ADHD is a made up disorder and that the real problem is a lack of good parenting skills. I have several people in my life that are affected by ADHD. I have found that despite copious amounts of research into effective treatments, it is still difficult to find a healthcare provider with accurate information on the subject. The problem with misinformation is also common in school teachers who are in a position to recognize the problem in their students before the parents. In the researchRead MoreChildren With Cancer : A Child s Entire Body Is Growing1576 Words   |  7 PagesToday, due to advances in treatments, more than 8 out of 10 children who are treated for cancer survive to at least 5 years, and the majority of these children are cured. One of the greater risk factors for developing cancer is aging. In actuality, in the United States, more than 60% of cancers occur in adults 65 years or older. Both children and adults, who are diagnosed with life-threatening cancer, develop emotional and mental disorders; however, children, with a diagnosis of cancer, are more proneRead MoreImpact Of Intervention On Health And Health Benefits And Risks924 Words   |  4 Pagesintended to decrease the cost of treatment of AB and the quality of care will improve. The primary care goal is to improve identification, assessment, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of AB in the primary care setting by using the best evidence and to ensure clinical excellence and quality of care (Xiao-Fang Wang and Jian-Huo Hong, 2011). The quality measures include the importance of understanding the treatment of AB as well as the overall compliance to the treatment plan and health benefits andRead MoreCase Study Management Services For People With Mental Illness1414 Words   |  6 Pagesseek social service help when they are encountering problems or difficulties in life. As a result an assessment typically focuses on the development of a picture of a person’s life including the difficulties they are having. At times the focus of the assessment is done in accordance with establishing eligibility requirements. In order to receive specific services or funding for services one must have specific challenges or a certain diagnosis (Hepworth et. al, 2013). I n order to work with client’sRead MorePsy410 Worksheet693 Words   |  3 Pagesdestructive actions. Pleasure is derived here. 14. ___L__ The person has a goal and, with reinforcement, the behavior is repeated or withdrawn. 15. __G___ Self-touch and exploration causes pleasure. 16. ___A__ When there is a predisposition for developing a disorder and stress is present in these persons with the predisposition 17. ___I__ Sexual relations become the focus for pleasure. A. Diathesis-stress models B. Psychoanalytic theory personality – Id C. Psychoanalytic theory personalityRead MoreDo Calcium Channel Blockers Play A Role For Preventing Hypertensive Encephalopathy?1618 Words   |  7 Pagesfor hypertensive encephalopathy amongst patients seen in the Emergency Department (ED) and assess whether calcium channel blockers play a role in preventing hypertensive encephalopathy. B- Background and significance Hypertension is a very common problem, affecting 1 billion people worldwide, with 50 million cases in the United States, and one third of cases going undiagnosed. 1% of the cases will experience a hypertensive emergency in their life. (1,2) Although 1% is not a high number, the complicationsRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder : A Type Of Severe Anxiety Disorder1577 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorder is rarely found in children or adolescents. There is a stigma about mental health and seeking proper treatment as well as misdiagnosis. Children that present with OCD symptoms may be diagnosed with conduct disorder, ADHD, or depression. Even then it depends on the parents or caretakers ability to recognize the problem and the child’s honesty about the problem and cooperation for treatment. Children with OCD, similarly to adults, will attempt to hide their symptoms from friends and family as theyRead MoreAnalysis and Description of Dementia Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesdeteriorating, stroke or can be brought on by factors such as excessive drinking or drug abuse. Dementia is best cared for in its early stages and, therefore, an early diagnosis is essential. Recognizing the symptoms by both the dementia patient and the family are important in starting the diagnosing and treatment processes. Although no treatment can cure dementia, there are many ways to help lessen the symptoms caused by it. (â€Å"What is Dementia?†, 2012). Dementia involves a gradual deteriorationRead MoreThe Stages and Treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stages and Treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disease with many different stages that slows one’s lifestyle and has no real cure. Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. The disease first appears around the age of sixty. Studies have concluded that as many as 5.1 million Americans have Alzheimer’s disease. A person with Alzheimer’s loses connections between neurons in the brain (1). Scientists do not know exactly what causes Alzheimer’s, but

British Economy for Effects of Lower Interest Rate

Question: Describe about a Case Study Of British Economy for Effects Of Lower Interest Rate. Answer: Introduction From the past few years, the UK economy is facing a very low-interest rate as calculated by World Bank. During the time with low-interest rate, the spending of the people of UK has increased and investors find it attracting to invest more. As spending level started rising, the aggregate demand of British people except the retired persons has also increased. Therefore, UK economy can achieve an increasing trend of growth. However, with higher aggregate demand, demand pull inflation has arisen in the British economy. The sustainable economic expansion can be damaged (Kirby, 2013). The Central Bank of England should take major actions to control this worse scenario by altering the monetary policy. In this report, impacts of low-interest rates have been shown by taking the help of approaches of microeconomics and macroeconomics. This report will also show the policies taken by Central Bank of England which can alter this worse situation of UK. Impact of Low-Interest rates on British economy When there is low-interest rate prevailing in UK economy, there are certain effects which can be discussed briefly. The lower interest rate has enhanced the spending of the individuals and savings became lower. It has decreased the currency value (Sensoy and Sobaci, 2014). The exchange rate downturn leads to more export and country can face capital outflows. As imports became costlier, (X-M) is negative. The lower rate of interest has made the costs of borrowings very low and hence, it is attracted for the citizens to take loans for rising spending. The firms are also taking loans to finance the ventures. People have found it foolish to save the money as they would get lesser yields because of lower interest rates. Rationally, it can be said that the citizens would spend money in purchasing goods and services rather than save it. The British people have attracted to purchase houses and other assets (Berdin and Grndl, 2015). Then house prices would rise and hence the wealth. There are lower mortgage costs can be seen in the case of lower interest rate. Thus, the disposable income would rise. Now, the macroeconomic theories can be applied to show the impacts. Rationally, the model of aggregate demand can be used to depict the impacts of lower interest rate. The equation of AD can be written as: AD = C+I+G+ (X-M), Where, C = consumption, I = Investment, G = Government expenditure, (X M) = Net export. When there are low-interest rates prevailing in UK economy, the elements of AD such as (X-M), C, I have increased. With the increase of aggregate demand, the economic growth of UK will be higher. Figure 1 will help to see the relationship between AD and interest rate (Colander, 2013). Figure 1: Shifts in AD with Lower interest rate Source: (Beveridge, 2013). AD curve to the right (AD1) as spending has raised due to a lower rate of interests. AS curve remains the same. From the figure 1, it can be said that National Income has been stimulated from Y to Y1 as AD has increased for a lower rate of interests. Therefore, by taking help of the macroeconomic model, it can be said that although demand-pull inflation has arisen, but with the higher level of AD, the country has attained a higher level of growth. British economy and lower interest rates The below table contains the data of past seven years interest rates which were very low. Table 1: Interest rate data of past 7 years (%) (Data.worldbank, 2016) On the basis of table 1, the line graph can be made by excel to do the trend analysis. Figure 2: Fluctuations in Interest rate Source: (Author) It can be seen that after 2008, the rate of interest decline sharply to 0.6% and has stuck at 0.5% from 2010 to 2014. In the UK, people belonging from different groups can have different effects on this lower rate of interest. The mortgage holders along with the borrowers and also the homeowners have enjoyed benefits due to the lower rate of interest in the British economy. This person has spent more of the money to get maximum benefits. On the other hand, when the interest rate was lower, the UK citizens who had saved their maximum parts of income, had faced the worst effects. Mainly, the retired persons are belonging from this group. In this scenario, they had got low amounts from their savings and hence the disposable income became very low. This groups of people did not spend much money. A contradictory situation has arisen. In general, the British economy is referred to as the region of borrowers. Thus, debt mortgage became higher in this period of time. With lower interest rate , UK economy has faced noticeable impacts which have a serious need to manage. In this situation, the higher tendency of taking rented houses can be seen among European Union nations rather than buying a new home. When interest rate has gone down, exports became simulated and imports were costlier and thus (X M) became negative. Current account thus affected adversely. However, on the other hand, people has spent more on goods and services during this period. The citizens of this economy have faced elastic demand. Thus, the researcher has may face dilemmas while describing this effect. The service sectors of UK have faced some adverse effects. Financial sectors of Britain have faced some turmoil for which the growth rate becomes negatively affected from the last 7 years. Figure 3: Inflation rate in the UK Source: (Data.worldbank. 2016). In Figure 3, the inflation rate fluctuation is shown. The inflation rate has decreased to 2.2% from 3.6% due to the debt crisis. Thus, the interest rate has decreased too in this period of time. In this period of time, the British economy became fragile and a recessive scenario has arisen. Expectations from Central Bank of England To bring the UK economy back to its position, the citizens of UK has some expectation from the Central Bank of England. The Central Bank of England should do some improvisations in its monetary policy to bring the monetary stability as well as to manage the inflationary pressures in this scenario. It should try to control the social consequences along with the economic dilemmas (Hoffmann, 2014). The Central bank should remember some factors while trying to control the interest rate slowdown. While trying to manage the low rate of interest by doing modifications in the policies, the members of the authority must have the perfect information about the British economy, otherwise, information failure will arise (Pindyck, 2012). The policymaker should consider the output gaps along with growth rate of GDP. Without having this information, it will be impossible for Central bank to manage the aggregate demand level in UK economy. Otherwise, information asymmetry can arise. In this case, the lending of banks along with the customer credit must be considered by the authority. The data of withdrawal of equity from the markets of housing, data on lending via credit cards should be collected because those data will help to analyze the customer spending (Sirichand and Hall, 2015). After collecting all data, it can be said that CBE will take an active role to control the downfall of interest rate. The CBE can perceive the monetary policy which is contractionary in nature. The contractionary policy will surely lower the spending of citizens which will shift the AD curve in a leftward direction. By doing this, the higher level of interest rate can be attained. The contractionary monetary policy will help to reduce the supply of money. It also lowers the customer's spending level. After reaching the higher level, it will raise the reserve requirements due to the reduction in money supply. When the higher interest rate is assigned by the authority, higher rate of borrowing by the banks and the government can be seen. The cost of lending will be higher. As other commercial banks will assign a higher rate of interest, it will lower the customer borrowing. Hence, the inflationary pressure can be managed. Apart from this situation, the higher rate of interest will make the savers satisfied. When saving rate will be increased, the group of retired people can slightly enhance their spending. The Central Bank of England can raise the requirements of reserves over other banks of Britain to regularly follow the withdrawals. As the reserve requirement is high, the commercial banks will not borrow from the people of Britain. Hence, automatically the spending of the British people will go down. In this way, th e Central bank can manage the interest rates and the demand-pull inflation (Field, 2014). To reduce the supply of money, the CBE can follow the direct way or indirect way. When the greater demand has arisen, the contractionary monetary policy will enhance the exchange rate value (Olugbode et.al., 2013). It can raise the level of imports and also it will reduce the level of export in the same way. Thus, the velocity of money can be controlled fully by the CBE. Conclusion It can be concluded that the UK economy has faced a lower level of interest rates from few years. Various impacts of low-interest rate are discussed in the previous sections by taking the assistance of AD-AS model (Macroeconomics) and different concepts of microeconomics (Information failure, information asymmetry etc.). The citizens of UK economy have raised the spending in this situation which has led to higher growth level. However, demand pulls inflation has arisen. Thus, the CBE should perceive contractionary monetary policies which will raise the interest rate and control the inflationary pressures. References Berdin, E., and Grndl, H. (2015). The Effects of a Low-Interest Rate Environment on Life Insurers. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice, 40(3), pp.385-415. Beveridge, T. (2013). A primer on macroeconomics. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Colander, D. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Data.worldbank. (2016). Lending interest rate (%) | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FR.INR.LEND Data.worldbank. (2016). Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG/countries/1W?display=default Field, M. (2014). Reappraising the place for private rental housing in the UK market: Why an unbalanced economy is at risk of becoming even worse... Local Economy, 29(4-5), pp.354-362. Hoffmann, A. (2014). Zero-interest Rate Policy and Unintended Consequences in Emerging Markets. The World Economy, 37(10), pp.1367-1387. Kirby, S. (2013). Prospects for the UK Economy. National Institute Economic Review, 226(1), pp.F46-F64. Olugbode, M., El-Masry, A. and Pointon, J. (2013). Exchange Rate and Interest Rate Exposure of UK Industries Using First-order Autoregressive Exponential GARCH-in-mean (EGARCH-M) Approach. The Manchester School, 82(4), pp.409-464. Pindyck, R. (2012). Microeconomics with MyEconLab Student Access Card. Harlow: Pearson/Education. Sensoy, A. and Sobaci, C. (2014). Effects of volatility shocks on the dynamic linkages between exchange rate, interest rate, and the stock market: The case of Turkey. Economic Modelling, 43, pp.448-457. Sirichand, K. and Hall, S. (2015). Decision-Based Forecast Evaluation of UK Interest Rate Predictability. Journal of Forecasting, 35(2), pp.93-112.